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Lunacy The Universe's Mysteries

www.livescience.com

Hunks of oceanic crust are wedged inside Earth's mantle

Earth's middle layer is chunky, like peanuts in a sea of caramel.
www.livescience.com www.livescience.com

How did those chunks of oceanic crust get into that layer? The lithosphere is Earth's rigid outer layer, encompassing a cracked crust and hot upper mantle. The hot mantle churns and circulates, moving the crust at the surface, causing the oceanic crust to dive into its depths — a process called subduction — and triggering the upwelling of vast plumes of magma toward Earth's surface.

"Earth is energetic, manifested by the tectonic movement of the lithosphere and underlying convection in the deep mantle," said Jikun Feng, lead author of the study and a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Science and Technology of China.

Inside Earth

Earth's gooey middle layer, the mantle, is made up mostly of magnesium and silicate. A new study finds that rocky chunks of oceanic crust are stuck at the deepest layers of the mantle.
 
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By Megan Marples and Ashley Strickland, CNN

Updated 5:05 AM ET, Wed August 11, 2021
The Perseid meteor shower will light up the sky in mid-August.


The Perseid meteor shower will light up the sky in mid-August.
Sign up for CNN's Wonder Theory science newsletter. Explore the universe with news on fascinating discoveries, scientific advancements and more.
(CNN)The Perseid meteor shower will grace the summer skies in mid-August as one of the biggest showers of the year.
The meteor shower will peak from midnight on August 11 to dawn on August 13 but actually runs from July 23 to August 22, according
 
CarolKing said:
By Megan Marples and Ashley Strickland, CNN

Updated 5:05 AM ET, Wed August 11, 2021
The Perseid meteor shower will light up the sky in mid-August.


The Perseid meteor shower will light up the sky in mid-August.
Sign up for CNN's Wonder Theory science newsletter. Explore the universe with news on fascinating discoveries, scientific advancements and more.
(CNN)The Perseid meteor shower will grace the summer skies in mid-August as one of the biggest showers of the year.
The meteor shower will peak from midnight on August 11 to dawn on August 13 but actually runs from July 23 to August 22, according
Click to expand...


Hmmmm
Interesting, completely forgot about this
Could be fun to try shroom capsules tomorrow night
 

​

Researchers Estimate There Are 36 Advanced Alien Civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy​


It’s incredible to ponder the notion of there being over 30 advanced civilizations in our galaxy.

Few mysteries rile the imagination like the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. SETI and other groups have spent decades scanning the skies for signals from other worlds and have yet to confirm the existence of ET. While the majority of astrophysicists and astronomers believe there are almost certainly other advanced life forms out there somewhere, the science behind xenology – the study of extraterrestrial life – has been greatly limited by technological constraints.

A new study published in The Astrophysical Journal, however, argues that a reasonable estimate can be deduced by using Earth-like planets as a variable in a mathematical equation. The research concludes that there are likely 36 active ET civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy alone.

Astrophysics professor Christopher Conselice, who was chief researcher for the study, says: “There should be at least a few dozen active civilizations in our Galaxy under the assumption that it takes 5 billion years for intelligent life to form on other planets, as on Earth.”

First author Tom Westby explains further: “The classic method for estimating the number of intelligent civilizations relies on making guesses of values relating to life, whereby opinions about such matters vary quite substantially. Our new study simplifies these assumptions using new data, giving us a solid estimate of the number of civilizations in our Galaxy.”

Conselice adds, “The idea is looking at evolution, but on a cosmic scale. We call this calculation the Astrobiological Copernican Limit.”

The classic method Westby refers to is the Drake Equation, which was a 1960s-era probabilistic argument for how to calculate the number of alien species out there.

However, despite the initial optimism, in recent decades the confounding silence from the cosmos has led some to question whether we’re alone. The Fermi Paradox uses its own probabilistic argument to question why, if life is so common in the universe, we haven’t received any messages or seen a single artifact or probe.

Explanations for the Fermi Paradox abound: 1) Alien signals are out there but we can’t decode them 2) Aliens more advanced than us have transcended physical space 3) Alien civilizations die off fairly quickly after gaining intelligence 4) Aliens have quarantined us in a kind of cosmic zoo so that they can study our development.

One of the most logical explanations – that the distance and time that must be overcome to convey a message or spaceship across the incredible gulfs of interstellar space – is touched upon by the new study. The researchers write that the average distance between civilizations is 17,000 light-years.

For context on how massive this distance really is, consider that the nearest star to Earth, Alpha Centauri, is only 4.3 light-years away. With our current fastest speeds, it would take a human probe 78,000 years to reach this star system.

The researchers also say it is exceedingly possible that these civilizations went extinct thousands of years ago.

While visiting even a nearby alien star is out of our reach for the foreseeable future, new technologies in the coming years may allow us to confirm the existence of an alien civilization.

For example, the James Webb Space Telescope, which is scheduled for deployment in the coming year or so, is so powerful it will be able to study the atmospheres of exoplanets and look for “biosignatures.” In other words, we will be able to determine if an advanced species there is using industrial technology that alters the composition of the atmosphere.

The new study also considers how the search for ET reflects on the evolution of our own species:

“Our new research suggests that searches for extraterrestrial intelligent civilizations not only reveals the existence of how life forms, but also gives us clues for how long our own civilization will last. If we find that intelligent life is common then this would reveal that our civilization could exist for much longer than a few hundred years, alternatively if we find that there are no active civilizations in our Galaxy it is a bad sign for our own long-term existence. By searching for extraterrestrial intelligent life — even if we find nothing — we are discovering our own future and fate.”

It’s incredible to ponder the notion of there being over 30 advanced civilizations in our galaxy. Then, when you consider that the Milky Way is just one out of hundreds of billions of galaxiesin the observable universe, human comprehension begins to fail.
 
momofthegoons said:

​

Researchers Estimate There Are 36 Advanced Alien Civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy​


It’s incredible to ponder the notion of there being over 30 advanced civilizations in our galaxy.

Few mysteries rile the imagination like the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. SETI and other groups have spent decades scanning the skies for signals from other worlds and have yet to confirm the existence of ET. While the majority of astrophysicists and astronomers believe there are almost certainly other advanced life forms out there somewhere, the science behind xenology – the study of extraterrestrial life – has been greatly limited by technological constraints.

A new study published in The Astrophysical Journal, however, argues that a reasonable estimate can be deduced by using Earth-like planets as a variable in a mathematical equation. The research concludes that there are likely 36 active ET civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy alone.

Astrophysics professor Christopher Conselice, who was chief researcher for the study, says: “There should be at least a few dozen active civilizations in our Galaxy under the assumption that it takes 5 billion years for intelligent life to form on other planets, as on Earth.”

First author Tom Westby explains further: “The classic method for estimating the number of intelligent civilizations relies on making guesses of values relating to life, whereby opinions about such matters vary quite substantially. Our new study simplifies these assumptions using new data, giving us a solid estimate of the number of civilizations in our Galaxy.”

Conselice adds, “The idea is looking at evolution, but on a cosmic scale. We call this calculation the Astrobiological Copernican Limit.”

The classic method Westby refers to is the Drake Equation, which was a 1960s-era probabilistic argument for how to calculate the number of alien species out there.

However, despite the initial optimism, in recent decades the confounding silence from the cosmos has led some to question whether we’re alone. The Fermi Paradox uses its own probabilistic argument to question why, if life is so common in the universe, we haven’t received any messages or seen a single artifact or probe.

Explanations for the Fermi Paradox abound: 1) Alien signals are out there but we can’t decode them 2) Aliens more advanced than us have transcended physical space 3) Alien civilizations die off fairly quickly after gaining intelligence 4) Aliens have quarantined us in a kind of cosmic zoo so that they can study our development.

One of the most logical explanations – that the distance and time that must be overcome to convey a message or spaceship across the incredible gulfs of interstellar space – is touched upon by the new study. The researchers write that the average distance between civilizations is 17,000 light-years.

For context on how massive this distance really is, consider that the nearest star to Earth, Alpha Centauri, is only 4.3 light-years away. With our current fastest speeds, it would take a human probe 78,000 years to reach this star system.

The researchers also say it is exceedingly possible that these civilizations went extinct thousands of years ago.

While visiting even a nearby alien star is out of our reach for the foreseeable future, new technologies in the coming years may allow us to confirm the existence of an alien civilization.

For example, the James Webb Space Telescope, which is scheduled for deployment in the coming year or so, is so powerful it will be able to study the atmospheres of exoplanets and look for “biosignatures.” In other words, we will be able to determine if an advanced species there is using industrial technology that alters the composition of the atmosphere.

The new study also considers how the search for ET reflects on the evolution of our own species:

“Our new research suggests that searches for extraterrestrial intelligent civilizations not only reveals the existence of how life forms, but also gives us clues for how long our own civilization will last. If we find that intelligent life is common then this would reveal that our civilization could exist for much longer than a few hundred years, alternatively if we find that there are no active civilizations in our Galaxy it is a bad sign for our own long-term existence. By searching for extraterrestrial intelligent life — even if we find nothing — we are discovering our own future and fate.”

It’s incredible to ponder the notion of there being over 30 advanced civilizations in our galaxy. Then, when you consider that the Milky Way is just one out of hundreds of billions of galaxiesin the observable universe, human comprehension begins to fail.
Click to expand...
CIVILIZED 2-da MAX = Pass the basket!
 
My hope is that they have the tech to unscramble my crappy cable service
Nothing like watching the beginning of the Belgian Grand Prix only to have it freeze after the first couple of lights come up to start the race
 

1st sign of elusive 'triangle singularity' shows particles swapping identities in mid-flight​

Paul Sutter 15 hrs ago.
http://a.msn.com/01/en-us/AAOiA53?ocid=sf
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https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/t...will-produce-snow-measured-in-feet/ar-AAOiZrA
https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/crime/actress-kathryn-prescott-hit-by-cement-truck-in-nyc/ar-AAOjnqR
1631326648932.png
An abstract image of a high-energy collision creating a new particle such as the Higgs boson.
© Provided by Space An abstract image of a high-energy collision creating a new particle such as the Higgs boson.
Physicists sifting through old particle accelerator data have found evidence of a highly-elusive, never-before-seen process: a so-called triangle singularity.
First envisioned by Russian physicist Lev Landau in the 1950s, a triangle singularity refers to a rare subatomic process where particles exchange identities before flying away from each other. In this scenario, two particles — called kaons — form two corners of the triangle, while the particles they swap form the third point on the triangle.
"The particles involved exchanged quarks and changed their identities in the process," study co-author Bernhard Ketzer, of the Helmholtz Institute for Radiation and Nuclear Physics at the University of Bonn, said in a statement.

Related: The 18 biggest unsolved mysteries in physics
And it's called a singularity because the mathematical methods for describing subatomic particle interactions break down.
If this singularly weird particle identity-swap really happened, it could help physicists understand the strong force, which binds the nucleus together.

Pointing the COMPASS​

In 2015, physicists studying particle collisions at CERN in Switzerland thought that they had caught a brief glimpse of a short-lived exotic collection of particles known as a tetraquark. But the new research favors a different interpretation — something even weirder. Instead of forming a new grouping, a pair of particles traded identities before flying off. This identity swap is known as a triangle singularity, and this experiment may have unexpectedly delivered the first evidence of that process.
The COMPASS (Common Muon and Proton Apparatus for Structure and Spectroscopy) experiment at CERN studies the strong force. While the force has a very simple job (keeping protons and neutrons glued together), the force itself is dizzyingly complex, and physicists have had a difficult time completely describing its behavior in all interactions.
So to understand the strong force, the scientists at COMPASS smash particles together at super-high energies inside an accelerator called the Super Proton Synchrotron. Then, they watch to see what happens.
They start with a pion, which is made of two fundamental building blocks, a quark and an antiquark. The strong force keeps the quark and antiquark glued together inside the pion. Unlike the other fundamental forces of nature, which get weaker with distance, the strong force gets stronger the farther apart the quarks get (imagine the quarks in a pion attached by a rubber band — the more you pull them apart, the harder it gets).
Next, the scientists accelerate that pion to nearly the speed of light and slam it into a hydrogen atom. That collision breaks the strong force bond between the quarks, releasing all that pent-up energy. "This is converted into matter, which creates new particles," Ketzer said. "Experiments like these therefore provide us with important information about the strong interaction."

Four quarks or a triangle?​

Back in 2015, the COMPASS analyzed a record 50 million such collisions and found an intriguing signal. In the aftermath of those collisions, less than 1% of the time a new particle appeared. They dubbed the particle "a1(1420)" and initially thought it was a new grouping of four quarks — a tetraquark. That tetraquark was unstable, however, so it then decayed into other things.
Related: 7 strange facts about quarks
Quarks normally come in groups of three (which make up protons and neutrons) or in pairs (such as the pions), so this was a big deal. A group of four quarks was a rare find indeed.
But the new analysis, published in August in the journal Physical Review Letters, offers an even weirder interpretation.
Instead of briefly creating a new tetraquark, all those pion collisions produced something unexpected: the fabled triangle singularity.

Here come the triangles​

Here's what the researchers behind the new analysis think is going on. The pion smashes into the hydrogen atom and breaks apart, with all the strong force energy producing a flood of new particles. Some of those particles are kaons, which are yet another kind of quark-antiquark pair. Very rarely, when two kaons are produced, they begin to travel their separate ways. Eventually those kaons will decay into other, more stable particles. But before they do, they exchange one of their quarks with each other, transforming themselves in the process.
It's that brief exchange of quarks between the two kaons that mimics the signal of a tetraquark.
"The particles involved exchanged quarks and changed their identities in the process," said Ketzer, who is also a member of the Transdisciplinary Research Area "Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions" (TRA Matter). "The resulting signal then looks exactly like that from a tetraquark."
If you chart the paths of the individual particles after the initial collision, the pair of kaons form two legs, and the exchanged particles make a third between them, making a triangle appear in the diagram, hence the name.
While physicists have predicted triangle singularities for more than half a century, this is the closest any experiment has gotten to actually observing one. It's still not a slam dunk, however. The new model of the process involving triangle singularities has fewer parameters than the tetraquark model, and offers a better fit to the data. But it is not conclusive, since the original tetraquark model could still explain the data.
Still, it's an intriguing idea. If it holds up, it will be a powerful probe of the strong nuclear force, since the appearance of triangle singularities is a prediction of our understanding of that force that has yet to be fully examined.
 
Space

A giant space rock demolished an ancient Middle Eastern city, possibly inspiring the Biblical story of Sodom​




https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/poli...g-positive-before-harris-interview/ar-AAONp8M

https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle...e-thought-he-was-a-waiter-at-first/ar-AAOOCh9
1632586478389.png

This article was originally published at The Conversation. The publication contributed the article to Space.com's Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.
Artist's evidence-based depiction of the blast, which had the power of 1,000 Hiroshimas.
© Provided by Space Artist's evidence-based depiction of the blast, which had the power of 1,000 Hiroshimas.
Christopher R. Moore, Archaeologist and Special Projects Director at the Savannah River Archaeological Research Program and South Carolina Institute for Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina

As the inhabitants of an ancient Middle Eastern city now called Tall el-Hammam went about their daily business one day about 3,600 years ago, they had no idea an unseen icy space rock was speeding toward them at about 38,000 mph (61,000 kph).
Flashing through the atmosphere, the rock exploded in a massive fireball about 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) above the ground. The blast was around 1,000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb. The shocked city dwellers who stared at it were blinded instantly. Air temperatures rapidly rose above 3,600 degrees Fahrenheit (2,000 degrees Celsius). Clothing and wood immediately burst into flames. Swords, spears, mudbricks and pottery began to melt. Almost immediately, the entire city was on fire.
Related: 5 reasons to care about asteroids
Some seconds later, a massive shockwave smashed into the city. Moving at about 740 mph (1,200 kph), it was more powerful than the worst tornado ever recorded. The deadly winds ripped through the city, demolishing every building. They sheared off the top 40 feet (12 meters) of the four-story palace and blew the jumbled debris into the next valley. None of the 8,000 people or any animals within the city survived — their bodies were torn apart and their bones blasted into small fragments.
About a minute later, 14 miles (22 km) to the west of Tall el-Hammam, winds from the blast hit the biblical city of Jericho. Jericho's walls came tumbling down and the city burned to the ground.
It all sounds like the climax of an edge-of-your-seat Hollywood disaster movie. How do we know that all of this actually happened near the Dead Sea in Jordan millennia ago?
Getting answers required nearly 15 years of painstaking excavations by hundreds of people. It also involved detailed analyses of excavated material by more than two dozen scientists in 10 states in the U.S., as well as Canada and the Czech Republic. When our group finally published the evidence recently in the journal Scientific Reports, the 21 co-authors included archaeologists, geologists, geochemists, geomorphologists, mineralogists, paleobotanists, sedimentologists, cosmic-impact experts and medical doctors.
Here’s how we built up this picture of devastation in the past.

Firestorm throughout the city​

Years ago, when archaeologists looked out over excavations of the ruined city, they could see a dark, roughly 5-foot-thick (1.5 m) jumbled layer of charcoal, ash, melted mudbricks and melted pottery. It was obvious that an intense firestorm had destroyed this city long ago. This dark band came to be called the destruction layer.
No one was exactly sure what had happened, but that layer wasn't caused by a volcano, earthquake or warfare. None of them are capable of melting metal, mudbricks and pottery.
To figure out what could, our group used the Online Impact Calculator to model scenarios that fit the evidence. Built by impact experts, this calculator allows researchers to estimate the many details of a cosmic impact event, based on known impact events and nuclear detonations.
It appears that the culprit at Tall el-Hammam was a small asteroid similar to the one that knocked down 80 million trees in Tunguska, Russia in 1908. It would have been a much smaller version of the giant miles-wide rock that pushed the dinosaurs into extinction 65 million ago.
We had a likely culprit. Now we needed proof of what happened that day at Tall el-Hammam.

Finding 'diamonds' in the dirt​

Our research revealed a remarkably broad array of evidence.
At the site, there are finely fractured sand grains called shocked quartz that only form at 725,000 pounds per square inch of pressure (5 gigapascals) — imagine six 68-ton Abrams military tanks stacked on your thumb.
The destruction layer also contains tiny diamondoids that, as the name indicates, are as hard as diamonds. Each one is smaller than a flu virus. It appears that wood and plants in the area were instantly turned into this diamond-like material by the fireball's high pressures and temperatures.
Experiments with laboratory furnaces showed that the bubbled pottery and mudbricks at Tall el-Hammam liquefied at temperatures above 2,700 F (1,500 C). That's hot enough to melt an automobile within minutes.
The destruction layer also contains tiny balls of melted material smaller than airborne dust particles. Called spherules, they are made of vaporized iron and sand that melted at about 2,900 F (1,590 C).
In addition, the surfaces of the pottery and meltglass are speckled with tiny melted metallic grains, including iridium with a melting point of 4,435 F (2,466 C), platinum that melts at 3,215 F (1,768 C) and zirconium silicate at 2,800 F (1,540 C).
Together, all this evidence shows that temperatures in the city rose higher than those of volcanoes, warfare and normal city fires. The only natural process left is a cosmic impact.
The same evidence is found at known impact sites, such as Tunguska and the Chicxulub crater, created by the asteroid that triggered the dinosaur extinction.
One remaining puzzle is why the city and over 100 other area settlements were abandoned for several centuries after this devastation. It may be that high levels of salt deposited during the impact event made it impossible to grow crops. We're not certain yet, but we think the explosion may have vaporized or splashed toxic levels of Dead Sea salt water across the valley. Without crops, no one could live in the valley for up to 600 years, until the minimal rainfall in this desert-like climate washed the salt out of the fields.

Was there a surviving eyewitness to the blast?​

It's possible that an oral description of the city's destruction may have been handed down for generations until it was recorded as the story of Biblical Sodom. The Bible describes the devastation of an urban center near the Dead Sea — stones and fire fell from the sky, more than one city was destroyed, thick smoke rose from the fires and city inhabitants were killed.
Could this be an ancient eyewitness account? If so, the destruction of Tall el-Hammam may be the second-oldest destruction of a human settlement by a cosmic impact event, after the village of Abu Hureyra in Syria about 12,800 years ago. Importantly, it may the first written record of such a catastrophic event.
The scary thing is, it almost certainly won't be the last time a human city meets this fate.
Tunguska-sized airbursts, such as the one that occurred at Tall el-Hammam, can devastate entire cities and regions, and they pose a severe modern-day hazard. As of September 2021, there are more than 26,000 known near-Earth asteroids and a hundred short-period near-Earth comets. One will inevitably crash into the Earth. Millions more remain undetected, and some may be headed toward the Earth now.
Unless orbiting or ground-based telescopes detect these rogue objects, the world may have no warning, just like the people of Tall el-Hammam.
This article was co-authored by research collaborators archaeologist Phil Silvia, geophysicist Allen West, geologist Ted Bunch and space physicist Malcolm LeCompte.
 

When and How to Watch the Beaver Moon Lunar Eclipse, the Longest of the Century​

It’s also the longest eclipse in nearly 600 years.


  • The next lunar eclipse will also be the longest of the century—and the longest in 580 years; it will be visible across North America.
  • On the morning of Friday, November 19, the full Beaver Moon will experience a near-total lunar eclipse lasting for three and a half hours.
  • At its peak, which will occur just after 4 a.m. EST, November’s Beaver Moon will glow red as it passes through the Earth’s shadow.
Some cosmic events are, well, once in a blue moon. Others, like the return of Halle’s Comet, are possible to catch maybe twice. But this Friday’s near-total lunar eclipse—the longest of the century and the first of this length in 580 years—is truly once-in-a-lifetime (or, more accurately, many lifetimes).
On the morning of Friday, November 19, the full Beaver Moon will take place in a 97%-total lunar eclipse, according to NASA, meaning that nearly all of the moon’s surface will be shrouded in the Earth’s shadow. November 2021’s eclipse will be about three and a half hours long, stretching from 2:18 to 5:47 a.m. EST. The Beaver Moon eclipse will peak at 4:02 a.m. EST, NASA reports, and will be visible across North America.


This history-making, near-total lunar eclipse coincides with the full Beaver Moon, which will reach peak illumination at nearly the same moment as the eclipse’s height, per The Old Farmer’s Almanac. But don’t worry—the moon will appear full from Thursday evening through Saturday morning, meaning you can catch an unencumbered glimpse of the full moon, too.
The Beaver Moon gets its name from beaver hunting season, which used to peak this time of year, the Almanac says. Plus, beavers start retiring to their lodges for the winter around now, too. Other names for November’s full moon include the Digging Moon (from the Tlingit), the Whitefish Moon (from the Algonquin), and the Frost Moon (from the Cree and Assiniboine).
Lunar eclipses can only occur during full moons when the moon is at its brightest. Because the Earth has an atmosphere, its shadow is not black; the same phenomenon that causes sunrises and sunsets will also cause November’s full moon to glow a dull red. That’s why lunar eclipses are sometimes called “blood moons.”
The eclipse will peak at 4:02 a.m. EST on Nov. 19.
Click to expand...
Unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to view with the naked eye. To catch a glimpse of it, look low in the western sky at any point during the eclipse, Space.comrecommends; the farther west you are, the better your view will be. Because of its incredible length, this will be the longest lunar eclipse of the century, the site notes—and it’s also the longest lunar eclipse in nearly 600 years, according to Butler University’s Holcomb Observatory.
So while sleeping in (or going to bed early) is great, you might want to spend Friday morning doing something else: catching an ultra-rare cosmic treat passing right over your head and in front of your eyes.
 
Cuckfumbustion said:
If it isn't too chilling, were these spirits moving aimlessly or lost or in any sort of pattern? My dad had an OOBE when he was in the hospital and I wasn't at all surprised that he could experience it at the time. It seemed normal to me at the time his description of himself as he was hovering over his body while the doctor was working on him. I will look into more hospital accounts with patients and the number of occurrences.

There maybe some possible explanation for the 'tether' people have between their body and spirit when they are hovering/traveling/flying/in some other realm. I also believe the time experienced in an deep OOB state can be different than time in this realm. But there is also a subjective interpretation of time also.
disintegrationofpersistencememory.jpg

I had a very intense OOBE experience when I was extremely tired once. How I got tired involved walking around lost all day in a town I was unfamiliar with and hitching a ride home. Well, I got home in the late hours and a short time after I collapsed on my bed. (KIM I was living in an older Victorian era house with a tall ceiling at the time.) Anyway, when I was OOB, I was spinning around the top third of the room like some sort of ceiling fan. Spinning so fast, I saw the light entering my room from the side windows every time I turned that corner of the room. Like a bird trapped in a small room, I kept spinning in that circle till I awoke and snapped back into my body.
Click to expand...
Is that painting in BARCELONA?
 
Scientists Discover 'Significant' Water Hidden In Martian Grand Canyon

“We found a central part of Valles Marineris to be packed full of water–far more water than we expected,” said one study co-author.

By Jordan Pearson
December 15, 2021, 8:50am

A mission investigating whether life has ever existed on Mars has made a new discovery: “significant amounts of water” in the red planet’s grand canyon system, called Valles Marineris, according to a press release from the European Space Agency (ESA).

The water is hidden beneath the Martian surface and was discovered by the Trace Gas Orbiter, which is the first stage of the joint ESA-Roscosmos mission ExoMars. The discovery was made by the orbiter’s FREND instrument (Fine Resolution Epithermal Neutron Detector), which maps the hydrogen content of Martian soil. When the soil is struck by high-energy cosmic rays, it emits neutrons, with dry soil emitting more neutrons than wet soil. This allows scientists to get a sense of the water content of soil that lies just below the surface.

“FREND revealed an area with an unusually large amount of hydrogen in the colossal Valles Marineris canyon system: assuming the hydrogen we see is bound into water molecules, as much as 40 percent of the near-surface material in this region appears to be water,” said lead investigator Igor Mitrofanov of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the press release.

Water has been previously discovered on Mars, but it’s mostly concentrated on the poles in the form of ice, with only very small amounts being discovered on the surface at lower latitudes. This isn’t very useful for future human explorers, so finding an ample source of water at lower latitudes is a key focus right now.

The discovery of seemingly a lot of water in Valles Marineris is an important step in this direction. As a tweet from the ExoMars mission notes, “the reservoir is large, not too deep below ground, and could be easily exploitable for future explorers.”

There’s more work to be done, however. As the study detailing the work, published in the journal Icarus, notes, neutron detection doesn’t allow for distinguishing what form the water might take. It may be ice, or it may be water molecules in soil, and determining which it is will fall to geochemists. For a few different reasons including the morphology of the canyon, the researchers speculate it may indeed be water ice, but it may also end up being a mixture.
“We found a central part of Valles Marineris to be packed full of water–far more water than we expected,” said study co-author Alexey Malakhov in a release. “This is very much like Earth’s permafrost regions, where water ice permanently persists under dry soil because of the constant low temperatures.”
 
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